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Genetic in sentence

1040 examples of Genetic in a sentence

For roughly a century after the publication of Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species, scientists believed that genetic mutations were governed by a process similar to that described by the father of natural selection.
The idea was that individuals with superior genetic variants would be more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass on their genes than those without them.
Evolutionary changes, including morphological ones, were thought to be the result of the accumulation and distribution of beneficial mutations, and the genetic makeup of populations was believed to be close to homogeneous, with only a few rare, random mutations creating differences between one individual and another.
As it became possible to analyze an individual’s genetic makeup, it become apparent that there was much more variation within populations than prevailing evolutionary theory predicted.
His theory – which held that evolutionary changes at the molecular level are caused not by natural selection, but by random genetic drift – provided a good explanation for the genetic variation that researchers had discovered.
These molecular-level systems are at the heart of epigenetics – the study of changes in genetic function that cannot be explained by differences in DNA sequences.
Epigenetics is crucial for comprehending the link between the genetic composition, or genotype, and the traits we can actually observe.
The way chromatin works is, in turn, shaped by genetic and environmental factors, making their functioning difficult to grasp.
Another factor in the relationship between genetic composition and observable traits is the way that proteins can sometimes be modified.
This process, like other forms of genetic expression, seems to be driven by a combination of innate and environmental factors.
Genetic engineering rests on the manipulation of DNA molecules (whether real or artificially constructed) in order to reprogram foreign cells.
But this represents only a small part of the genetic program.
But perhaps the quintessential example of this phenomenon was the origin in the early 1970s of recombinant DNA technology (also known as “genetic modification,” or “GM”), the prototypic technique of modern genetic engineering, which resulted from synergy among several esoteric, largely unrelated areas of basic research.
But recent genetic research unequivocally refutes this worldview.
All living organisms appear as mosaics of genetic tissue, or chimeras, suggesting that no two genes have the same evolutionary history.
Indeed, we now know that the proportion of genetic sequences on earth that belongs to visible organisms is negligible.
Furthermore, only 15% of the genetic sequences found in the samples from the environment and from feces analyzed in metagenomic studies belong to the three domains of microbes currently recognized in the tree-of-life framework – bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes.
Viruses contain another 15-30% of these genetic sequences.
The unidentified genetic sequences pose a problem, because it is not known whether vehicles other than viruses, bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes exist.
This transfer of genetic sequences from parasites to hosts could involve hundreds of genes for a bacterium in different hosts.
Moreover, certain viruses’ size and genetic repertoire is comparable with that of bacteria, archaea, or small eukaryotes.
Genetic research, in particular, must be free to find new models to explain, and enhance, twenty-first-century scientific discovery.
The nuclear reactions that drive reactors and weapons are the same, as are the radioactive products that are dispersed by wind, rain, and water if released, with the same lack of respect for borders and the same indiscriminate long-term cancer and genetic hazards.
Genetic research will transform approaches to personal and public-health problems, including scourges like AIDS and malaria.
First, major advances in our knowledge of genomics – specifically, the way diseases manifest and develop in the body at the genetic level – are improving our ability to target illness at each stage and improve the patient experience.
Genetic markers, for example, can indicate which patients are likely to benefit from a drug, thereby improving outcomes while allowing patients to avoid potentially painful side effects of treatments that are unlikely to work.
For early-stage breast cancer patients, genetic markers show whether chemotherapy is likely to have an impact, or if hormone therapy alone is the better option.
A new lung cancer drug developed by my company, Novartis, is effective only in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer who have a particular genetic mutation.
For example, genetic testing is being used to pre-select participants for clinical trials, cutting recruitment times.
To understand humans’ social nature, it is crucial to understand how culture has driven our genetic evolution in ways that shape not only our physiology and anatomy, but also our social psychology, motivations, inclinations, and perceptions.
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