Steel
in sentence
896 examples of Steel in a sentence
High on the list of supply-side policies is eliminating some of the excess capacity of state-owned firms in the
steel
and coal industries.
Both appear to be sincere economic nationalists: Trump hopes to make the US self-sufficient in aluminum and steel, while AMLO seeks the same for Mexico in corn, wheat, beef, pork, and lumber.
How Europe Should Respond to Trump’s
Steel
TariffsBRUSSELS – The last-minute decision by US President Donald Trump’s administration to delay imposing
steel
(and aluminum) tariffs on Canada, the European Union, and Mexico for 30 more days will ostensibly give the US a chance to negotiate a longer-term arrangement with its trading partners.
Trump is not the first US president to introduce protectionist measures on behalf of America’s
steel
industry.
In 2002, President George W. Bush imposed a number of import restrictions, including headline tariffs of 30% on some
steel
products.
But, even then, more than 70% of
steel
imports were exempt from any protectionist measures.
Trump, by contrast, proposes measures that will affect the entire
steel
sector.
The Bush administration generally favored open trade; its hand was forced by the domestic
steel
lobby, at a time when the industry was generating large losses.
By contrast, the Trump administration’s desire to protect the (now profitable) domestic
steel
sector reflects a belief that free trade, in general, has benefited others at the expense of the US.
The relevant provision has been used very rarely, but the few precedents suggest that Trump’s tariffs might be legally justifiable, even if only a small fraction of
steel
output is actually used for tanks and warships.
Steel
comprises a relatively homogeneous class of goods.
For example, flat rolled
steel
(of a certain quality) is traded on organized exchanges with little regard for its origin.
So if the US were to impose
steel
tariffs only on some countries, those countries’
steel
exporters could send their products to US allies, which could then increase their exports to the US.
And, indeed, the US is now asking its allies, including the EU, to limit their
steel
exports to the US.
But these measures might not be legitimate, if a WTO panel finds that the US has the right to determine that its national security justifies
steel
tariffs.
Yet, if the EU bows to US demands for “voluntary” limitations on its
steel
exports, it might also violate its WTO obligations.
For example, if the US imposed an across-the-board import tariff of 25% on
steel
products, and imports collapsed to $15 billion – one-half of their 2017 value – the US would still acquire an extra $3.75 billion in annual revenues.
Under a series of voluntary export agreements with major producers, the same result would be achieved, in terms of US
steel
imports, but it is foreign producers that would gain the extra revenue.
In other words, US consumers of
steel
would effectively subsidize foreign
steel
producers.
The gain to European
steel
producers should more than cover the cost of lawyers’ fees to defend voluntary export restraints at the WTO.
It also contributed to protectionism at home, reflected in the new US
steel
tariffs.
Trump has cited national security concerns in order to justify his tariffs – including the hefty tariffs on
steel
and aluminum (automotive imports may be next) that he has imposed.
The key insight is that roughly 75% of our fossil fuel use goes for just a few purposes: to produce electricity and heat at power plants, to drive automobiles, to heat buildings, and to power a few key industries such as refineries, petrochemicals, cement, and
steel.
Steel
production was promoted by primitive backyard furnaces that industry analysts would consider laughable, but people who understood that had no influence in China then.
Mao Zedong, on visiting and talking to experts at a modern
steel
plant in Manchuria, is reported to have lost confidence that the backyard furnaces were a good idea after all, but feared the effects of a loss of momentum.
Ukraine suffers from the sharp drop in global demand and trade, severely undermining its
steel
industry.
Given their seemingly boundless benefits, it is unsurprising that plastics have replaced traditional materials in many sectors – for example,
steel
in cars, paper and glass in packaging, and wood in furniture.
Perhaps owing to Trump’s anti-trade agenda, the EU recently concluded a new trade agreement with Japan much faster than many had expected; and it has shown a willingness to retaliate if the US enacts measures to protect the domestic
steel
industry.
So the brief surcease we are enjoying is precisely the time when everyone (not just Americans and Europeans, but Japanese, Australians, South Africans-and Latin Americans and Asians and Africans generally) need to
steel
ourselves for the moment when that eruption occurs.
Specifically, we must
steel
ourselves against our tendency to evade and shift responsibility.
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