Parity
in sentence
297 examples of Parity in a sentence
Given this, a Chinese nuclear surge – even one that did not lead to US-China
parity
– could undermine the credibility of American deterrence commitments, possibly motivating Japan to launch its own nuclear program.
It is clear from the last three decades of floating currencies that market-determined exchange rates tend to swing widely and persistently from
parity
levels that would make comparable goods sell at comparable prices in different countries.
Despite wide and persistent swings in actual currency markets, their so-called “rational expectations models” predict that exchange rates should not deviate from
parity
in any lasting way.
In contrast, “behavioral economists” acknowledge that currencies can depart from
parity
for a protracted period, but argue that this results not from traders’ attempts to interpret movements in macroeconomic fundamentals, but from market psychology and irrational trading.
When it comes to currency markets,
parity
levels based on international trade are merely one of many factors that traders may consider.
While movements in macroeconomic fundamentals may lead bulls to bid the value of a currency further above parity, they simultaneously become more concerned about a counter-movement back to
parity
– and thus capital losses – which moderates their desire to increase their long positions.
Moreover, relating the riskiness of holding an open position in a currency market to the exchange rate’s divergence from
parity
levels suggests a novel way to think about how central banks can influence the market to limit departures from
parity.
Every month, the central bank should announce its estimate of a range of
parity
values, backed by analysis, which, unlike a precise value, reflects the inherent imperfection of knowledge concerning a currency’s
parity.
Instead, the “ limit-the-swings” strategy proposed here implies that, as the exchange rate moves further away from parity, central banks should use their reserves to intervene at unpredictable moments in order to reinforce the effect of their regular announcements of the
parity
range on traders’ perception of increased risk of capital losses.
And China, where income per person is one-eighth the level of the US (adjusted for purchasing power parity), is simply too poor to become the new hegemony.
Several Central European countries have achieved per capita GDP levels (measured in terms of purchasing power parity) that place them on the lower rungs of the eurozone’s income ladder.
At current rates of financial inclusion, it will take the world more than 200 years to achieve gender
parity.
The neighboring Middle East is in turmoil; the West is attempting to contain a newly aggressive Russia; and China, already the world’s largest source of savings, the largest trading country, and the largest overall economy (in terms of purchasing power parity), is confronting the West with new economic and strategic realities.
At the same time, a longstanding wish of developing countries – to use purchasing power
parity
exchange rates as a criterion for calculating quotas – was met.
The scale of the global change can be seen when purchasing power
parity
(PPP) – a measure of the total amount of goods and services that a dollar can buy in each country – is taken into account.
For example, in 1800, American purchasing power
parity
was twice that of China; by 1975 it was 30 times that of China.
Owing to high prices for conventional energy and abundant sunshine, Italy is the first country to achieve grid parity, or cost-competitiveness, for solar energy.
The creation of the CFA franc, which gives France control of 65% of the CFA countries’ foreign-exchange reserves, combined currency convertibility with a grossly overvalued
parity
– pegged first to the French franc and now to the euro – as well as trade barriers.
The journey to a new country is often perilous, but it promises far greater economic opportunity: average per capita incomes in advanced economies can be more than 50 times higher (in terms of purchasing power parity) than those in the developing world.
The labor market has tightened, with unemployment standing at 3.5% and the job-to-applicant ratio above
parity.
The region’s success has been underpinned by dynamic growth in China and India, which account for almost 60% of the continent’s total GDP in purchasing power
parity
terms.
Indeed, the last meeting of the International Monetary Fund – which recognized China as the world’s largest economy by purchasing power
parity
– concluded without increasing China’s share of votes.
And women, once told that gender
parity
in the boardroom might be achieved within a generation, will benefit from quota legislation adopted in the past year in Italy, Germany, and France.
To restore competitiveness and growth in these countries, the euro needs to fall towards
parity
with the US dollar.
In her victory speech, she reiterated some common campaign themes, including the new constitution, improvements to the education system, and gender
parity
in her administration.
The euro must hold its own against the dollar--and hurrah!--it is now above
parity.
The new data are based on improved estimates of purchasing power
parity
(PPP).
China’s Daring DepreciationBEIJING – On August 11, the People’s Bank of China (PBOC) lowered the central
parity
rate of the renminbi by 1.9%, sending shockwaves around the globe.
From now on, China’s government declared, the renminbi’s central
parity
rate will align more closely with the previous day’s closing spot rates.
As it stands, Chinese exchange rates are allowed to fluctuate by a maximum of 2% on either side of the central parity, which the PBOC fixes daily.
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