Parity
in sentence
297 examples of Parity in a sentence
According to the International Monetary Fund, Russia’s per capita income in 2013, measured in terms of purchasing power parity, is roughly $18,600, nearly double China’s per capita income of around $10,000.
In terms of per capita income, Russia now ranks 73rd (in terms of purchasing power parity) – well below the Soviet Union’s former satellites in Central and Eastern Europe.
LONDON – The US dollar is hitting new 12-year highs almost daily, while the euro seems to be plunging inexorably to below dollar
parity.
Second, there must be serious doubts about whether Asian and Middle Eastern governments will in fact want to shift more reserves into dollars, especially if this means converting the euros they have acquired since 2003 at a loss and far below their purchasing power
parity.
But, unlike his predecessors, especially former President Nicolas Sarkozy, Macron does not want merely to create the appearance of
parity
between France and Germany.
Rather, he views genuine
parity
as the basis for strengthening France’s economic power.
Three metrics of countries’ international weight stand out: the size of the population; the size of the economy, measured by GDP at market prices (GDP in purchasing power
parity
terms is more useful for measuring welfare); and military might, measured imperfectly by defense expenditure.
In fact, the number of poor people (defined as those living on less than $1.25 per capita per day at 2005 purchasing power parity) in South Asia increased from 549 million in 1981 to 595 million in 2005, and from 420 million to 455 million in India, where almost three-quarters of the region’s poor reside.
Although gender
parity
in primary education has improved, dropout rates for girls are higher than for boys.
Achieving gender
parity
would yield an enormous payoff for scientific discovery.
Nonetheless, gender
parity
in the sciences remains a distant goal.
Major changes – from grade schools to technology companies – are needed to build gender
parity
into science-related fields.
Then, in the hours after the vote, exit polls suggested
parity
between his Likud party and the center-left Zionist Union, led by his chief rival, Yitzhak Herzog, with a slight edge for the right-wing bloc.
The kingmakers in the event of
parity
– the smaller parties and electoral lists in the center of the political spectrum – have lost most of their bargaining power.
With an economy about a quarter of the size of America’s, it was able to maintain rough military
parity
by spending four times as much of its national income on defense as the US did – to the detriment of the living standards of ordinary citizens.
Escaping the Poverty TrapThe elimination of poverty must remain at the top of the policy agenda in Latin America and the Caribbean, where inequality is higher than in any other region and one in five people survive on little more than two dollars per day (as measured by the 1993 purchasing power
parity
(PPP) exchange rate).
At that price, the dollar was undervalued by roughly 10% relative to its purchasing power
parity
(PPP).
Their so-called “rational expectations models” predict that exchange rates should not deviate from
parity
in any lasting way.
“Behavioral economists,” by contrast, acknowledge that currencies can depart from
parity
for a long period.
When it comes to currency markets,
parity
levels based on international trade are merely one of many factors that traders consider.
In attempting to cope with imperfect knowledge, they are not irrational when they pay attention to other macroeconomic fundamentals and thereby bid an exchange rate away from its
parity
level.
Of course, persistent swings from
parity
do not last forever.
While movements in macroeconomic fundamentals may lead bulls to bid the value of a currency further from parity, doing so simultaneously fuels concern about a counter-movement back to
parity
– and thus capital losses – which moderates the desire to increase long positions.
Relating the riskiness of holding an open position in a currency market to the exchange rate’s divergence from
parity
levels suggests a novel way to think about how central banks can influence the market to limit departures from
parity.
But if central banks regularly announced their concern about significant departures from PPP, as they do now about inflation prospects, they would heighten traders’ concern that other traders will consider it increasingly risky to hold open positions that imply further movement away from
parity
levels.
To implement this “limit-the-swings” proposal, a central bank would announce its estimate of
parity
values every month, together with a comprehensive explanation of its estimates.
It would also make known to currency traders its concern about excessive departures from its estimated
parity
values and its readiness to intervene at unpredictable moments to impede further departures from PPP.
Instead, our limit-the-swings strategy implies that, as the exchange rate moves further away from parity, central banks should intervene.
The possibility of unpredictable interventions would reinforce the effect of the bank’s regular announcements of the
parity
values on traders’ perception of increased risk.
China’s Questionable Economic PowerTOKYO – The World Bank recently announced that China’s economy will surpass that of the United States this year, measured according to purchasing power
parity
(PPP).
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