Nominal
in sentence
688 examples of Nominal in a sentence
Today, the rapid expansion of Chinese financial institutions’ balance sheets – which grew by 92% from 2007 to 2011, alongside 78%
nominal
GDP growth – is fueling predictions that the country will soon experience its own subprime meltdown.
Low rates also leave central banks little room for loosening monetary policy in a slowdown, because
nominal
interest cannot fall below zero.
Finally, central banks should set a higher inflation target, which would give them more room to cut
nominal
interest rates in response to a future slowdown.
And, because
nominal
GDP fell in 2014 and continues to fall, the debt/GDP ratio, which was supposed to stabilize three years ago, continues to rise.
To get pensions down by one percentage point of GDP,
nominal
economic growth of just 4% per year for two years would suffice – with no further cuts.
Second, it seems likely that
nominal
growth in the US will rise, though the underlying mix of inflation and real growth is yet to be determined.
Under the
nominal
control of the militant cleric Moqtada al-Sadr, the group has become Iraq’s largest and best-armed fighting force and is pursuing its own political and security agenda.
We know what these cost and how much they add to the total
nominal
value of GDP.
In fact, both economic analysis and decades of past experience suggest that long-term interest rates tend to fluctuate around the rate of
nominal
GDP growth.
Sooner or later, the gap between bond yields and
nominal
GDP growth will presumably close.
Only thanks to stubbornly persistent inflation has Italy’s
nominal
GDP managed to remain constant.
Immovable adjustment constraints have caused eight countries to experience
nominal
wage deflation in at least two years since 2008.
With more than 100 million people still below the official poverty line and per capita income currently just over $6,000 in
nominal
terms, robust economic growth must be maintained.
Back in 2015, I was pushing for substantive debt restructuring by means of linking the volume of debt and the rate of repayment to the size of Greece’s
nominal
GDP and its rate of growth, respectively.
Now, it seems that the idea of
nominal
GDP-indexing will be revived, but only to determine the extent to which medium-term repayment is pushed into the future.
If Europe takes this road, monetary policy could help by assuring the minimal stabilization of cyclical fluctuations, without having to keep
nominal
interest at too high a level.
The Mundell-Fleming framework – which describes the short-run relationship between the
nominal
exchange rate, interest rates, and output in an open economy – indicates that, under Japan’s flexible exchange-rate regime, the post-hike decline in demand could be addressed relatively easily with more expansionary monetary policy.
In a blindly mechanical way, the U.S. had taken the view that all major UN agencies should keep their budgets unchanged in
nominal
(current-dollar) terms, leading to a drop in real spending because of inflation.
Such a simple-minded budget policy as an across-the-board freeze in
nominal
budgets should be ended immediately.
From 1980 on,
nominal
interest rates fell dramatically.
But the value of a house is determined in a similar manner: according to the rent it is expected to generate, capitalized at the current
nominal
interest rate.
With a federal debt of 141% of GDP, that 5.8%-of-GDP interest cost implies an average
nominal
interest rate of just 4% and, given the CBO’s inflation forecast, a real interest rate of about 2% – similar to historic rates when the debt ratio was less than 40% of GDP.
If a country can support debt totaling 80% of GNP (a rough but reasonable rule of thumb), then we need approximately 50% “haircuts” on this existing and forthcoming debt (reducing it to 75% of its
nominal
value).
Stephen Roach has called the move by major central banks – including the Bank of Japan, the European Central Bank, and the Bank of Sweden – to negative real (and, in some cases, even nominal) interest rates a “futile” effort that merely sets “the stage for the next crisis.”
Even if one religious tradition still claims a majority of a population as its
nominal
adherents, individuals can still choose to disaffiliate from the institution representing that tradition (as in the Catholic majority countries of Europe).
Maintaining these countries’ excessive prices and
nominal
incomes with artificially cheap credit guaranteed by other countries would only make the loss of competitiveness permanent.
But, after 2011, stimulus turned to macroeconomic tightening, causing investment growth to plummet from a
nominal
rate of over 30% to about 10% recently.
It is time to face the fact that Europe’s peripheral countries have to shrink their
nominal
GDP to regain competitiveness.
As a result, the government proposed replacing this unnecessary debt in the pension system with an equivalent claim on accounts in the PAYG pillar, indexed by
nominal
GDP.
In response, workers are likely to demand higher
nominal
wages.
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