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Breast in sentence

782 examples of Breast in a sentence

Indeed, investigations have shown that the risk of developing breast cancer is roughly doubled in females with a family history of breast cancer.
Dozens of their mutations are associated with an increased risk of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer.
Women who have an abnormal BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene run a lifetime risk of up to 85% of developing breast cancer, while the increased risk of developing ovarian cancer is about 55% for women with BRCA1 mutations and about 25% for women with BRCA2 mutations.
Most recently, huge studies analyzing effects of single nucleotide variations in genomic DNA, so-called single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), on breast cancer risk of BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation carriers have identified so-called modifier SNP that can decrease or increase the individual lifetime risk.
We have also learned that only 20-40% of the breast cancers that cluster in families come from BRCA1 or BRCA2 germline mutations – genetic alterations that are present from birth in every cell of the body and can be transmitted to the offspring.
Increased breast cancer risk is also known to be associated with several inherited syndromes, such as Li-Fraumeni syndrome, a condition that is further associated with childhood onset of multiple malignancies including soft tissue sarcomas, leukemias, and brain tumors.
In most cases of familial breast cancer, however, genetic predisposition remains elusive.
Indeed, no further genes have been found whose mutations are associated with high lifetime risks of developing breast cancer.
Recently, new approaches to investigating genes involved in DNA repair, and huge studies of the effect of SNP on breast cancer risk, have identified two classes of breast cancer susceptibility factors.
Their frequency is rather rare and certain mutations can be found only in distinct populations, but this class of susceptibility factors is associated with a moderately increased breast cancer risk.
Considering frequency and risk, this class of breast cancer susceptibility factors can be called “rare, intermediate-penetrance mutations”.
Their biological consequences are mainly unknown, but statistical analyses have shown that they are associated with a significantly increased relative breast cancer risk which, in contrast to the first class, is rather small.
Several national networks and consortia have already developed models for estimating the breast cancer risk in women with a positive family history.
While these novel susceptibility factors have been shown to be significantly associated with an increased relative breast cancer risk, the statistical significance does not imply clinical utility for preventive management and therapy of breast cancer – at least not yet.
Today, it is widely accepted that breast cancer, whether familial or sporadic, can be understood as a complex disease.
Thus, the genetically determined portion of an individual’s breast cancer risk is the result of several or even many genetic variants and mutations.
Screening the genome for breast cancer susceptibility factors has led to the identification of novel genetic variants, and ongoing studies and further technical progress will certainly lead to additional significant findings.
Similarly, companies raced to beat the human genome project in order to patent genes such as that associated with breast cancer.
After sequencing the entire genomes of 50 patients’ breast cancer tumors, researchers found that only 10% of the tumors had more than three mutations in common.
According to a recent study mapping genetic mutations in 2,000 tumors, breast cancer can actually be divided into ten subgroups.
If the court upholds the biotechnology company Myriad Genetics’ patents on two genes which, in some variants, are linked to higher risk for breast and ovarian cancer, the company will retain exclusive rights to use the genes in research, diagnosis, and treatment for two decades, preventing rivals from developing cheaper alternatives.
Yet, the death rate from breast cancer is falling in most Western countries even though the number of cases remains relatively unchanged.
Because progress against breast cancer is incremental - ie, no single treatment is instantly recognized as dramatically superior – big disparities exist in how various treatments are applied in different countries.
Even though science may clearly point to the best way to fight breast cancer, uneven application of new treatments may cause many women to suffer, or even die, unnecessarily.
Although the causes of breast cancer remain unknown, early detection, before cancer cells spread, is crucial.
The classic surgical option was the mastectomy, where the entire breast and surrounding tissue was removed.
Appreciating the fact that breast cancer could spread even before it was treated led to clinical trials testing breast-sparing surgery (“lumpectomy”).
Within the US, variations in the use of breast conservation are linked to surgical bias, as well as to availability of radiation therapy.
To treat cancer cells that might remain in the breast even after an optimal surgical procedure, radiation to the preserved breast is routinely used.
Even if the breast is removed, radiation is sometimes needed to prevent recurrence of the breast cancer on the skin of the chest.
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